The Basic Empathy Scale: Validation of Empathy Measurement of Pesantren Students in Indonesia

Rizkyanti, C.A., Hermansyah, E., & Wijayanti, Z. B. (2025). The Basic Empathy Scale: Validation of Empathy Measurement of Pesantren Students in Indonesia. Psikologika: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Psikologi, 30(1), 1-24. https://journal.uii.ac.id/Psikologika/article/view/35976

Abstract

This study aimed to validate the Basic Empathy Scale (BES) using Rasch model to establish the reliability and validity of the instrument in measuring empathy. Participants in validation consisted of 200 students from Islamic Boarding Schools (Pesantren) in Java, Indonesia. This analysis was conducted using a quantitative method with Rasch model analysis by incorporating a Wright map, item fit analysis, a unidimensionality test, and Different Item Functioning (DIF). The results showed that the BES was reliable for measuring cognitive and affective empathy, confirming unidimensionality and item fit among participants. These findings implied that the BES was suitable for application among Islamic Boarding School students. DIF analysis further showed that some items might require revision to elicit more accurate results even though the instrument was considered valid and reliable.


Enhancing Research Excellence through Participating in Conference

Enhancing Research Excellence through Participating in Conference

by Muhammat Sabar Prihatin

On Saturday, 26 October 2024, the student body of education faculty UIII, ESTUDIA (Education Student Association), conducted a gathering across batches. The event was so much fun and healthy, I believed. We did several dances such as Maumere, Pinguin, and everybody seemed to be happy and enjoying themselves at that time. One main agenda of this event was sharing academic and non-academic life as graduate students, particularly in the faculty of education, such as how to deal with various assignments as well as how to maintain mental and physical health. In my opinion, the event was very beneficial for all of us, especially new students so that they can navigate crucial things to do, anticipate unexpected events that may happen, exchange inspiring and aspiring stories, as well as most importantly to raise our sense of belonging to the community of UIII students especially from the faculty of education as a whole. This event also indicates the importance of gathering among the students for an exciting journey as both individuals and scholars. Thanks to ESTUDIA.

Two of the interesting questions that we discussed during the gathering in my group were, quoting the sentence from one of my MA friends who said, "It is confusing, between writing and publishing papers a lot during study or later when after graduate only?" Plus, "What field are we expert in actually?" Those questions are very relevant to me who currently study at the doctoral level. In my heart I said “Yaw, how is that?", until these concerns reverberated in my brain, making it difficult for me to sleep at night.

But then, before sleeping, I reflect on myself. As far as my undergraduate study experience up until now, I have written and presented papers several times at international conferences, both offline and online, at home country and abroad, including publishing the papers, mostly in proceedings. Despite this, I still don't feel like I'm an expert in the academic world at all. So what does it mean to write and publish through such conferences so far?

In my opinion, responding to my friend's concerns above, the most important thing as a student is of course being able to complete all assignments, which surely each of them is already in an academic or scientific nuance, such as writing or reviewing articles critically and academically. Aren't our course assignments already designed to guide us to work as scholars? Therefore, to become an expert in a particular scientific field, for me, can be done later after graduation, where one of the ways is by increasing scientific productivity through the publication of academic writings, for example, after having sufficient research proficiency skills according to our own capacity. But then, how can we measure whether our abilities are sufficient to pursue a particular scientific field to become an expert?

This is the role of involving ourselves in academic forums such as conferences, which in my opinion can really help us find various choices of fields of study along with ways to participate. By challenging ourselves to write and present and even publish papers through conferences while we still study in university, it will greatly increase our exposure to the experience of participating in scientific studies, which can also increase the horizon of our ideas regarding the scientific field we want to pursue. Additionally, this can also strengthen us to determine our desired expertise as well as to increase our self-confidence because our involvement in the field is in accordance with its latest developments. Not to mention that this can also help us decide the thesis/dissertation topic we need to write before we graduate. Thus, when we have really graduated, we are better prepared to be actively involved in dialogue on the scientific developments that we are pursuing. Isn't it how we can envision more clearly what scientific field we want to become the expert  later in the future?

Then, the next question is how can we participate in academic forums such as conferences- which I regard as stages for experts to show their expertises in the scientific field they are in through research-? In my opinion, one of the key factors in developing science to be engaged in academic forums such as conferences is mastery of various research methodologies. That is what, I am quite sure, led me to qualify for being accepted to participate in two fully funded international conferences with my papers that use different research methods, in the last two months. The first is the 3rd International Conference on Religious Moderation (ICROM) conducted by BIMAS Islam, the Ministry of Religious Affairs of Indonesia in Merlynn Park Hotel, Jakarta, November 5-7, 2024. In this conference my paper entitled Youth Engagement in Religious Moderation: Impacts of Peace Journey Board Game on Ethical Perspectives employs a mixed-methods approach, sequential explanatory design. The second is the International Conference on Research, Community Service, and Gender Studies (ICRCSGS) conducted by UIN (Islamic State University) Imam Bonjol Padang, 5-6 Desember 2024. Our deen, Prof. Nina Nurmila is one of the keynote speakers in this conference. My paper is titled Exploring the Impact of International Training Course on Gender Issues and Non-Formal Education (NFE) Methods for Youth in Europe and Asia: A Critical Text Analysis. It is clear that the study adopts a critical text analysis, also can be considered as content analysis. Those articles are still in the process of publication with several options such as proceedings or journals.

I do thank our faculty that provides us with a number of kinds of research methodology to learn from the very first semester until now the third semester. We have learned; research methodology in education, qualitative research methodology, quantitative research methodology, and also mixed-methods research design. These methodologies truly equip us with rich tools that really help enable us to conduct research with more varied approaches.

There are some important things that I can reflect on this matter. Learning various types of research methodology does not mean that I can do any kind of research greatly. Maybe there are people who can. But personally, to be honest, every time I learn about the material, I can't understand everything. Often get confused because there are many new things to learn. The good news is, worth remembering, when writing a paper, we are not to write the research methodology(ies) we employ, rather we justify why and how we adopt it/them in our paper. Afterall, don't let yourself end up dizzy. It's okay to be confused, but that confusion should actually lead us to find the most appropriate strategy for studying those various research methodologies. Is it by studying independently, analyzing other people's papers, or even by directly practicing writing, or perhaps combining some of them. In this way, being confused should lead us to become enlightened. My previous lecture once said, confusion is the first step to understanding science and I can make that sense truly this way.

And for me, “it doesn't matter if we can't understand all the research methodologies we learn”. However, as much as possible “we must be able to understand and even master the methodology we employ in our own research”. Of course, we can learn this in the classes, including when doing assignments. Again, if we strongly want to hone our research skills better, we can consider attending conferences by writing papers using methodology that we really want to learn further.

Another skill I learned as a result of practicing reading and writing for research is the ability to “Just say it” what I want to write. I mean, for example, from the various literature that we find, there are various statements arguing about a certain concept that might also make us confused about which theory we are going to say or to use.  So when that happens, we have to be brave enough to say it as what it is, that there are various definitions of a certain concept where A says a, B says b, and C says c. Then we convey which theory or concept that we want to borrow or which one is the most relevant to the context of our own study. This will make our writing remain based on reliable science, that is not just making up as we wish. So there is no need to be confused about the wealth of existing studies, just say what it is according to our findings, then select which theory or concept we want to adopt related to our own research topic.

Last but not least, to further learn about and enhance our research skill particularly on the research methodology is to read the writings of other people who have applied the methodology that we also want to apply. So from there we can apply the ATM (Amati, Tiru, Modifikasi) principle, namely observe, copy and modify. This can help us a lot principally  and technically, such as informing us of what important things to  write,  how to develop or construct the ideas, and how to present the flows of the ideas in the form of scientific writing. We don't have to have a lot of sample papers for ATM, just 2-3 could be enough but we should really be able to follow them. I am sure this way can  facilitate us to write scientific papers like experts who master the methodologies they used so that our writing seems to be most likely written by a professional researcher.

I believe, being an expert is not merely about when, rather it is about how we should make it happen. And from my limited subjective experience I reflect here, I can suggest that the more diverse research methodologies we learn, the more possible we can engage in various research, encouraging us to be eagerly involved in scientific talk and dialogue. And for sure, to become the expert one, we should do research a lot in our field, that is how seemingly we are about to know our expertise.

 


Unwinding and Uniting: A Memorable Study Excursion to Bandung

Unwinding and Uniting: A Memorable Study Excursion to Bandung

by Nabila Nindya Alifia Putri

Strengthens the bonding — that was the first impression I captured during my study excursion trip in Bandung, which was held on October 16-17, 2024.Starting from Depok, the travel time is about 3.5 hours by bus. The atmosphere on the bus was quite fun, where lecturers, academic staff, and students mingled in one bus, plus students who enlivened the whole bus through karaoke songs that were quite entertaining during the trip.  The chantingand humming  kept going all along the road, along a winding road to a plantation area in Ciwidey. During the trip, I could feel the warmth created from the interaction of students, lecturers, and academic staff. No matter what academic load or workload it is, it all seems to be focused on one goal: forget all our burdens, and enjoy our moments! Our minds seem to be invited to take a break because the scenery on the right and left sides was very magical: a green tea garden with cool nuances.

Moreover, behind the cold night in Ciwidey, there is one warmth that radiates from the participants of this excursion. The old, young, lecturers, staff, all mingled together to enjoy dinner while listening to music accompanied by a burning bonfire. Of course, this unique interaction is very memorable and imprinted on my memory. Through this excursion activity, I saw a lot of interactions and 'golden moments' that I usually had only seen formally; namely in an academic setting, but now everything looks different. This made me realize that all of us (lecturers, students, and staff) are also human beings with the same goal: to have fun while doing our job to serve the community, because that is the true purpose of this education department.

Apart from these moments of togetherness, when talking about community service activities initiated by the department's student association, namely ESTUDIA, there are many things that I can reflect on when I am one of the teams that document these community service activities. First, the thing that I appreciate is that, with this activity, we as students can hone our skills for how to design an event that is short, but can be memorable for the community around us. Because the academic environment of UIII has diverse backgrounds of culture, the community service activities carried out by FoE UIII focus on introducing cultures from various representative countries of students at FoE. Secondly, in this event, all students participated, regardless of what level of study they were at. This shows the synergy built through this activity, and also again: strengthening the bond with each other among students. This is in accordance with the principle of ukhuwah in Islam, namely ukhuwah insaniyah.

Moving on, the study excursion event was closed with a material presentation from Telkom University Bandung. All classes offered by Telkom university provide a lot of insight, especially for the world of education including digital and media, as well as big data class. During my time at Telkom University, I realized that visiting other educational institutions is no less important. We also need to benchmark to other educational institutions in order to continue to improve the quality and quality of our own educational institutions. By exchanging information like this, I think it will be useful in the future, especially the many new insights presented by Telkom University. The end of the campus visit session was closed with a photo with all study excursion participants, as well as lecturers at Telkom university. With the closing of the visit, the activities and trips of this study excursion are over. Overall, I feel happy and satisfied with this excursion activity because we can do 2 things at once at once: unwind and serve the community.


A Journey of Learning beyond Books

A Journey of Learning beyond Books

by Khizer Hayat

My name is Khizer Hayat, and I come from Pakistan. For me, learning is not confined to books—it can be  found in every experience and every moment we live. As Albert Einstein once said, “The only source of  knowledge is experience.” From October 16-17, 2024, I had the privilege of participating in a study  excursion organized by the Faculty of Education at UIII, Depok, which proved to be a truly transformative  journey. 

Our adventure began as we departed from the dorms, leaving behind the familiar streets of Depok and  Jakarta, and heading toward the serene, nature-rich city of Bandung. As we traveled through the vibrant  cities, I felt like I was entering a whole new world, full of excitement and possibilities. As Confucius once  said, “Wherever you go, go with all your heart.” This quote perfectly captured my mindset as we  embarked on this journey. 

Our first day was packed with exhilarating activities, including rafting and off-road adventures that got  our adrenaline rushing. Every moment was captured on camera, preserving the memories forever. It  reminded me of the quote by Susan Sontag: “I haven’t been everywhere, but it’s on my list.” 

The night at Eco Park Hotel was an experience to remember. The cabins were cozy and charming, but  what made the evening truly special was the live performance by the music band “9 Outbound Ciwidey.”  Their energy filled the air with music, adding magic to the chilly weather. We gathered around a roaring  fire, wrapped in our jackets, enjoying a barbecue, and sharing laughs. The warmth of the fire was matched  only by the warmth of the company, as students and faculty danced, sang, and bonded over the joy of the  night. As Henry David Thoreau said, “Friends… they are the sunshine of life.” This quote beautifully sums  up the warmth of the evening. 

The following day took us to 13 Junior High School in Bandung, where we participated in a vibrant cultural  exchange with students from diverse backgrounds—Pakistan, Bangladesh, Turkey, Afghanistan, Nigeria,  Tanzania, the Philippines, Gambia, and Indonesia. The enthusiasm of the junior high students was  infectious, and their warm welcome, combined with their traditional dances, was heartwarming. “The  beauty of the world lies in the diversity of its people,” as Maya Angelou so eloquently said, and we truly  experienced that beauty through this cultural exchange.

Throughout the journey, we were accompanied by the esteemed Dean, Nina Nurmila, PhD, along with  professors and staff, who made every moment enjoyable. From the delightful snacks to the delicious  meals at the hotel, everything was wonderfully planned. Even the bus rides were filled with non-stop  singing, adding to the lively atmosphere. As Ralph Waldo Emerson said, “Life is a journey, not a  destination,” and the joy in the journey was palpable. 

The highlight of our trip was the visit to Telkom University. We were greeted with an atmosphere of  innovation and inspiration. The student presentations were simply remarkable. These young minds were  not just students—they were scientists in the making, innovators ready to shape the future. The  university’s vision and mission were shared with us, filling us with admiration. As Steve Jobs once said,  “Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower.” The spirit of innovation was alive at Telkom  University. 

A memorable moment was the insightful lecture on management by Professor Dr. Djadja of Telkom  University. His words about leadership and innovation left a lasting impression on me, inspiring new ideas  for my own academic journey. As he said, “True leadership is about managing not just systems, but the  hearts and minds of people.” This idea resonated deeply, reminding me that education is not only about  gaining knowledge but also about becoming a compassionate leader. 

As we made our way back to Depok, the sense of fulfillment was profound. The two-day experience felt  like it carried the weight of two months of study. The lessons learned, the memories made, and the  friendships formed will remain with me forever. 

This study excursion was more than just a trip—it was a journey of discovery, learning, and cultural  exchange. It reminded me that education goes beyond textbooks, and sometimes, as Oscar Wilde said,  “Experience is the hardest kind of teacher. It gives you the test first and the lesson afterward.” Indeed,  the best lessons are the ones we learn outside the classroom.


Empowering Growth Through Study Excursions to Bridge Knowledge, Community, and Professional Development

Empowering Growth Through Study Excursions to Bridge Knowledge, Community, and Professional Development

by Novinta Nurulsari

I am deeply grateful for the opportunity to participate in the study excursion organized by the Faculty of Education at UIII. This program was not only complimentary, but it was also incredibly beneficial for us as students. The agenda was thoughtfully designed to enhance our academic and professional growth, leaving me with lasting impressions and valuable insights.

Two key aspects of the study excursion stood out to me. First, the visit to Telkom University was an exceptional experience. I had the chance to attend a short one-meeting course titled Harnessing Big Data for Transformative Education, Administration, and Management, delivered by Dr. Djaja Achmad Sardjana, S.T., M.M. His lecture was insightful and highly relevant, especially regarding the practical application of Python, which piqued my interest. Previously, I had encountered a 2022 article on Design Thinking, a topic closely related to my dissertation, and the article presented fascinating data visualizations created using Python. I tried to explore this tool and ask for some support and guidance, but none of my colleagues had any experience with this tool. I felt so grateful when the Faculty of Education organized this study excursion. I can learn directly from the lecturer and gain a deeper understanding of Big Data and Data-Driven Decision Making, which are crucial in showcasing evidence in our analysis. I also learned about Power BI (Business Intelligence), a tool I had never used before. The entire learning experience was amazing and eye-opening! This exposure to advanced technologies is invaluable for those of us in the educational field. It empowers us to better integrate technology into our work, whether for research or professional development.

The second aspect that impressed me was the community service activity at SMPN 13 Bandung. This activity allowed all the students participating in the excursion to engage directly with the students and school members at that school. It provided us an experience to interact and communicate with the students so we could learn about the characteristics of the students. This interaction, especially with international students from FoE UIII, also benefited the school, where the students could learn new things from us. It also boosted their enthusiasm for continuing their study. The school’s warm reception further added to the significance of this experience, and it was a mutually enriching interaction for both the students and the school. 

Moreover, this study excursion significantly strengthened the bonds between students and faculty members beyond the academic and community engagement aspects. This program allowed us to build stronger connections and communication within activites. We also developed our collaboration skills to do every program through teamwork. This make the overall experience even more rewarding. 

In conclusion, the study excursion was an invaluable experience, filled with opportunities for academic learning, meaningful engagement with the community, and the deepening of interpersonal relationships. It provided me with the tools and motivation to further my professional and educational journey, and I am deeply appreciative.


Travel and Lessons

Travel and Lessons

by Muhammat Sabar Prihatin

The study excursion conducted by the faculty of education UIII for me is not merely a sightseeing activity but it is about a lesson-reflective story. This trip took place two days, starting from 16-17 October 2024, with the destination of the capital city of west Java, Bandung. Throughout the trip we witnessed the beautiful and natural scenery, particularly when we came to the accommodation area, Ciwiday. 

Worship by exploring the earth

Ciwidey is famous for its beautiful places in Banding, which has many hills planted with tea trees. The lush green color on every hillside was successful to spoil the eyes anytime we looked at it. The winding and sometimes up and down roads just made the trip even more thrilling. Plus, the strains of music from the old up to present era, sung by different generations-Dean, lectures, and students added to the excitement of the journey. This made the long trip feel short and fast. 

This stage reminded me of the Holy Quran saying that the earth was made flat so that we can explore it easily. So it is true that with our intention to witness this verse, our study tour is not only for a fun trip but also a moment of contemplation to admire the Almighty of Allah SWT over His beautiful creation of this universe. 

Taaruf Session (Learning from one another) 


Another valuable experience was when we students of UIII did community service. We visited SMPN 13 Bandung to do a cultural exchange activity with the students there. Traditional dances welcomed us warmly, which attracted fellow UIII students, especially foreign students. When a student came with a traditional dance, our friends immediately clapped their hands and recorded the dance. 

After that, we UIII students and the students of SMPN 13 Bandung were divided into ten groups according to the number of student countries in the Faculty of Education at the event location, such as Turkey, Mexico, Pakistan, Tanzania, and the Philippines. In the international cultural exchange forum, the students were very enthusiastic about exploring various information from student representatives from the countries they visited. They chatted about the local language of the guest country, traditional songs and dances, and even their typical foods. The exciting discussion ended with the making of a short video with students saying, for example, "Sawadikap, we have a new friend from Thailand, Kap kun khap". 

This cultural exchange activity reminded me of the concept of ta'aruf. It is mentioned in one of the verses of the holy Quran which means that Allah SWT created humans in different tribes, states, and languages for us to learn from one another. The cultural exchange experience provides real evidence to students that diversity is real. And the differences that exist between humans are created to get to know each other. If fellow humans know and understand each other well, then this can reduce bad prejudice and the assumption that a certain group is better and more important than others. And if this can be established in harmony, then this state of knowing and understanding each other can also encourage the

establishment of cooperative and compassionate relationships based on wisdom on the basis of humanity. So it is important that students in schools as the younger generation need to be equipped with an understanding and experience of diversity itself, that it does not exist to belittle certain groups and excel others, but as real evidence of sunnatullah - the Will of God Almighty. So of course it is another kind of worship if we can celebrate this diversity as a gift of life. 

Public service for knowledge sharing 

Last but not least, the community service activities carried out by the lecturers of UIII and Telkom University were another topic of reflection. For me, cooperation between educational institutions is an important factor in building student learning experiences. What I felt at that time was that I got the opportunity to learn to process data on a large scale by utilizing technology that I had never learned at UIII, but I learned a lot from Telkom Uni. It's like this, knowledge that I thought was difficult to learn, turned out to be easy for other people or other places because they have the facilities, there are the experts, and or because the campus specializes in that certain knowledge. 

Thus, I realized that there are certain fields of knowledge that are actually relevant to us but it turns out that we can easily learn them at other campuses. The insight I received taught me the importance of learning from many parties. And I think it's the other way around, the lessons delivered by several lecturers of the UIII Faculty of Education at Telkom Uni provide new important and interesting things for students who follow their presentation, namely psychological-based leadership, literacy skills, and spatial thinking skills, which may not be available at Telkom Uni. 

This kind of collaborative synergy is what I think is needed and must continue to be carried out by educational institutions in Indonesia to improve the quality of education in general, both from the lecturers, or teachers, and students. The visit and knowledge sharing between UIII and Telkom Uni that we did could be one of the real forms of academic friendship that echoes that knowledge is a blessing for the universe (Rahmatan lil ‘alamin), not belonging to a particular educational institution or field of study only. 

Thank you, Faculty of Education UIII, for the valuable lessons during the two-day journey on this study excursion. I am sure that each of us feels the benefits both personally, intellectually, socially, and even spiritually.


Religion and Education: A Comparative Analysis of Indonesian and Tunisian Religious Moderation Policies

Husna, A., & Zuhdi, M. (2024). Religion and Education: A Comparative Analysis of Indonesian and Tunisian Religious Moderation Policies. Dialog47(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.47655/dialog.v47i1.902

 

 

 

 

Abstract

Indonesia and Tunisia offer distinct cultural, political, and educational environments related to religious moderation, despite having predominantly Muslim populations. The two nations' divergent approaches to religion show their attempts to take a moderate stance. Focusing on the dynamics of modern educational standards, the paper examines the nuanced policies employed by the two nations to encourage religious moderation in their educational systems. This study utilized a qualitative method by conducting interviews, literature analysis, and taking a few key points from formal events pertaining to this subject. By contrasting the experiences of Tunisia and Indonesia, this study seeks to clarify the different strategies for promoting religious moderation and fostering a friendly, inclusive learning environment. The main result of this research is that Indonesia inserted religious moderation into its' educational curriculum. Unlike the state policies in Tunisia, which don't make a specific curriculum about religious moderation in the educational aspect but make some conferences and forums related to this issue. The research findings contribute to the global conversation on harmonizing religion and education.


Promoting Pluralism Through Critical Thinking in Islamic Religious Education

Rahmah, Fadlilah Novia. "Promoting Pluralism Through Critical Thinking in Islamic Religious Education." Proceeding International Conference on Islam and Education (ICONIE), 3(1), 1650-1678.  https://proceeding.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/iconie/article/view/1695

 

 

 

 

 

 

Abstract

In Indonesia's educational landscape, marked by historical struggles with low academic performance, the introduction of the Merdeka Curriculum presents a pivotal opportunity to integrate critical thinking skills into Islamic Religious education, empowering students to engage thoughtfully with religious teachings and promote pluralism and social cohesion. Critical thinking, as defined by scholars like Paul & Elder and Ennis, involves analyzing, evaluating, and synthesizing information systematically, and effective pedagogy is crucial for its cultivation. Given Indonesia's diverse socio-cultural fabric, fostering critical thinking becomes paramount for encouraging mutual respect and understanding. However, a notable gap exists in research addressing the integration of critical thinking and pluralism within Islamic Religious Education in Indonesia. This study aims to investigate the development and implementation of critical thinking pedagogy within Islamic Religious Education, exploring the challenges of promoting pluralism within this context, particularly focusing on fourth-grade students in a private elementary school in Gresik, East Java. This qualitative study employs a descriptive case study design. The research examines factors influencing critical thinking pedagogy and highlights the teacher's interactive methods, including storytelling and multicultural education. Challenges such as inadequate textbooks, varied prior knowledge among students, and limited teacher mindset are identified. Recommendations for future research include improving textbook comprehensiveness and assessing the impact of direct interactions on students' perspectives.


Implementation of English as Foreign Language Teaching during Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review

Mahmood Rahimi. (2024). Implementation of English as Foreign Language Teaching during Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review. Development in Language Studies4(1), 19-31. https://publisher.uthm.edu.my/periodicals/index.php/dils/article/view/16138

 

 

 

 

Abstract

This study explores the implementation of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teaching practices pre-covid and post-Covid pandemic. This paper employs a narrative review of selected articles that shed light on instructional challenges and opportunities in the transition from traditional classroom teaching to online and hands-on learning. The methodology employed in this study used the Google Scholar database to select pertinent studies with keywords within the title field, spanning the years 2019-2022. This study acknowledges the impact of the pandemic on English language teaching, highlighting the need for creative teaching methods and a hybrid of online and face-to-face learning for effectiveness. This paper also stresses the significance of ongoing support to address technical challenges and ensure a smooth learning experience for students. The findings highlight the shift from traditional EFL teaching to remote teaching post-COVID, stress challenges such as digital literacy, and limited resources. This necessitates ongoing support for educators to navigate online and blended learning, integrate technology, and adapt to developing teaching methodologies.


Divorce Narratives and Class Inequalities in Indonesia

Rinaldo, R., Nisa, E. F., & Nurmila, N. (2024). Divorce Narratives and Class Inequalities in Indonesia. Journal of Family Issues45(5), 1195-1216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X231155657

 

 

 

 

Abstract

In the past 20 years, divorce has increased in Indonesia. Indonesian statistics show that divorces initiated by women exceed those by men. One issue that is often neglected is how socioeconomic differences also play a role in this matter. Drawing on our collaborative research on Muslim divorces in Indonesia, this paper focuses on the interplay between divorce strategies and socioeconomic differences among Muslim couples. Our in-depth interviews with 93 Muslim men and women and 19 judges from Islamic courts show that class differences shape distinctive dynamics of divorce among Muslim Indonesians. Couples from less educated, lower-income backgrounds accept marriage dissolution more easily, with women becoming much less tolerant of men’s behaviors such as infliction of domestic violence, infidelity, and failure to provide financial support. Educated, middle-class urban couples divorce for similar reasons but tend to experience a lengthier process accompanied by complex layers of conflict. Many educated women’s narratives emphasize their ability to support themselves through working, and a desire to be free of a bad marriage at any cost. Class and education thus contribute to significant differences in the experience and trajectories of divorce in Indonesia.


Privacy Preference Center

Perubahan Cara Pengguna Mengakses Hiburan Interaktif dari Konsol hingga Layar SentuhUnsur Grafis dan Suara yang Membuat Sebuah Judul Mudah Diingat Setelah Sekali DicobaCara Sistem Rekomendasi Menyusun Daftar Konten dan Data yang Menjadi DasarnyaSusunan Meja, Kartu, dan Kotak Taruhan pada Permainan Kartu Bernilai Dua SisiSudut Kamera dan Kualitas Gambar yang Dipakai Siaran Meja Langsung Kelas AtasMahjong Ways Menarik Perhatian lewat Perpaduan Budaya Oriental dan Teknologi ModernKasino Daring Berevolusi dari Hiburan Sederhana menjadi Ekosistem Teknologi yang Semakin KompleksPenelusuran Data Permainan Perlu Mengutamakan Bukti Terukur tanpa Menjanjikan Hasil TertentuDragon Tiger Menunjukkan Bagaimana Aturan Ringkas Bisa Tetap Menghadirkan Ketegangan PermainanGame Simulasi Mengubah Aktivitas Sehari-hari menjadi Tantangan Virtual yang Semakin PopulerBerapa Banyak Aturan yang Harus Dihafal Sebelum Bermain di Meja Kartu KlasikPenyesuaian Antarmuka Meja Kartu agar Nyaman Digunakan pada Layar VertikalUnsur Perhitungan Peluang dan Pembacaan Lawan dalam Permainan Kartu StrategiBentuk Perkumpulan Pemain Kartu Daring dan Cara Anggotanya Bertukar PengetahuanPerbedaan Aturan Kapan Pemain Boleh Menambah Kartu di Beberapa Varian BlackjackMotif Bambu, Karakter Tionghoa, dan Angka pada Set Ubin Mahjong AsliAlasan Bentuk Ubin Mahjong Tetap Dipertahankan Meski Konteksnya Berubah ke LayarCara Papan Peringkat Disusun pada Kompetisi Daring dan Aturan Verifikasi PesertaPerbedaan Kebiasaan Akses Antar Kelompok Usia pada Aplikasi Hiburan MobileKegunaan Riwayat Pembayaran sebagai Catatan Pengeluaran Pribadi BulananMahjong Ways di Ponsel Menawarkan Akses Cepat dengan Pengalaman yang Lebih FleksibelBlackjack Modern Memadukan Animasi Kartu Halus dengan Nuansa Meja KlasikTeknologi Real-Time Mengubah Pengalaman Permainan Live menjadi Lebih Interaktif dan ResponsifPoker Digital Kembali Diminati lewat Perpaduan Strategi Konsentrasi dan Kompetisi KomunitasBaccarat Live Menyatukan Nuansa Meja Klasik dengan Streaming Digital yang Lebih ImersifPeran Jaringan Pengiriman Konten dalam Mempercepat Pemuatan Aplikasi DaringBatas Kesimpulan yang Boleh Ditarik dari Sekumpulan Catatan Lama Sebuah SistemAlasan Kenaikan dan Penurunan Saldo Tidak Mengikuti Garis Lurus dalam Sistem AcakCara Aplikasi Menyesuaikan Kualitas Grafis Berdasarkan Kemampuan PerangkatMembedakan Hubungan Sebab-Akibat dan Kebetulan Ketika Membaca Dua Kumpulan AngkaPlatform Mobile Membuka Akses Lebih Luas ke Berbagai Bentuk Hiburan Game DigitalCascade Mahjong Ways Membuat Pergantian Simbol Terasa Lebih Aktif dalam Setiap RangkaianSiaran Langsung Digital Semakin Diminati karena Interaksi Terasa Dekat dan ResponsifSpin Manual dan Turbo Menawarkan Ritme Berbeda tanpa Mengubah Prinsip Hasil PermainanMahjong Ways Menjembatani Unsur Tradisional dengan Gaya Digital yang Tetap Dikenali KomunitasElemen Meja Fisik yang Dipertahankan Ketika Permainan Kartu Dipindahkan ke LayarPerbedaan Meja Roulette Bersiaran Langsung dan Versi Sepenuhnya Bergrafis KomputerBagian Roda Roulette dari Kantong Angka hingga Cincin Pemantul dan FungsinyaUkuran Jeda Siaran pada Meja Langsung dan Cara Pemain Mengujinya Sebelum BergabungKombinasi Tiga Dadu dan Jumlah Kemungkinan Hasil yang Dapat Muncul pada Sic BoBonanza Gold dan Perubahan Ritme yang Bisa Dibaca lewat Catatan Putaran TerstrukturBlack Scatter RNG dan Tempo Sesi Memiliki Fungsi Berbeda dalam Dinamika PermainanAntarmuka Digital Membuat Interaksi Poker Terasa Lebih Ringkas Cepat dan Mudah DipahamiBagaimana Mahjong Ways Menerapkan Teknik Digital pada Elemen KlasikPoker Menemukan Wajah Baru di Era Digital tanpa Kehilangan Unsur StrateginyaBentuk Ruang Diskusi Daring Pemain Kartu dan Cara Anggotanya Berbagi Catatan TanganPerubahan Tata Letak Meja Kartu Ketika Dipindahkan dari Kasino Fisik ke Layar KecilPerubahan Aturan Perjudian Daring di Beberapa Negara dan Dasar PertimbangannyaDampak Sosial Perjudian Daring dan Layanan Bantuan yang Tersedia bagi TerdampakCara Data Interaksi Layar Dikumpulkan Aplikasi dan Batas Kesimpulan yang Bisa DiambilRTP dan RNG: Mengapa Nilai Jangka Panjang Berbeda dari Hasil Setiap PutaranMeja Ramai dan Sesi Tenang Memberikan Dampak Berbeda terhadap Fokus PenggunaWild Beruntun Mengubah Susunan Simbol dan Membentuk Rangkaian Visual yang Lebih DinamisMahjong Ways 2 dan Mekanisme Berlapis yang Membentuk Nilai pada Setiap RangkaianWild dan Scatter Membuat Putaran Cepat Terlihat Lebih Padat dan Sulit DiprediksiFungsi Simulasi Berulang dalam Menguji Sebuah Model dan Hal yang Tidak DijawabnyaAlasan Susunan Bernilai Tinggi Terasa Lebih Sering Muncul daripada KenyataannyaPrinsip Kerja Sensor Berat dan Kotak Sambungan Kabel pada Peralatan IndustriPerbedaan Roda Roulette Bergaya Eropa dan Amerika Dilihat dari Susunan AngkanyaAlasan Catatan Lima Ratus Putaran Belum Cukup Menggambarkan Sebaran SebenarnyaChristmas Carol Megaways Menghidupkan Nuansa Natal melalui Cahaya Musik dan Visual BersaljuKamera HD Mengubah Pengalaman Meja Digital menjadi Lebih Tajam dan Terasa DekatMahjong Ways Tetap Menonjol di Tengah Persaingan Tema Game Mobile yang Semakin PadatPeran Dealer Profesional Menjaga Alur Sesi Tetap Rapi dan Mudah DiikutiRespons Real-Time Membuat Tayangan Langsung Terasa Lebih Hidup tanpa Jeda MenggangguAlasan Simbol Berwarna Gelap Lebih Menarik Perhatian pada Latar TerangCara Ubin Berulang Dibedakan Satu Sama Lain Ketika Beberapa Kolom Berganti SerentakAturan Berapa Simbol yang Gugur dan Berapa yang Turun dalam Satu RangkaianMengapa Waktu Menekan Tombol Tidak Memengaruhi Angka yang Dihasilkan SistemIlusi Urutan: Alasan Rangkaian Angka Acak Sering Terlihat Tersusun RapiKoneksi Stabil Menjadi Fondasi agar Tayangan Digital Tetap Mulus sepanjang SesiMahjong Ways dan Mahjong Ways 2 Punya Perbedaan Jelas pada Tampilan serta MekanismeStudio Siaran Modern Mengandalkan Cahaya Audio dan Visual untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas TayanganAntarmuka Ringkas Membantu Pengguna Mengikuti Sesi Langsung tanpa Menu yang MembingungkanSiaran Minim Jeda Membuat Interaksi Dua Arah Terasa Lebih Cepat dan NaturalPerbedaan Membaca Nilai Total dan Nilai Rata-Rata pada Kumpulan Catatan TransaksiDesain Simbol Mahjong Ways Menciptakan Identitas Visual Ikonik yang Menarik dan Sangat Mudah Dikenali PemainBerapa Lama Satu Rangkaian Simbol Gugur Berlangsung dan Faktor yang MemengaruhinyaSugar Rush Membangun Dunia Permen Berwarna Cerah dengan Pola Grid yang Berbeda dari Reel TradisionalSistem Real-Time Membantu Membaca Respons Pengguna di Tengah Laju Aktivitas Digital yang Bergerak Serba CepatCara Peserta Turnamen Daring Disaring dan Digabungkan ke Meja yang SamaPeran Batas Waktu Berpikir dalam Menekan Keputusan Terburu-buru di Meja DaringPerbedaan Tata Letak Meja Kartu pada Aplikasi Ponsel dan Peramban KomputerPenempatan Lampu dan Kamera di Studio Meja Langsung agar Roda Tetap Terlihat JelasTolok Ukur Teknis yang Dipakai Pengguna Menilai Kestabilan Sebuah Layanan DaringStarlight Princess x1000 Memadukan Warna Cerah dengan Karakter Putri yang Mudah DikenaliKlaim Hadiah Besar Starlight Princess Perlu Dibaca Kritis sebelum Dipercaya KomunitasMahjong Wins 3 dan Pola Susunan Ubin yang Menarik Diamati dari Sisi VisualSic Bo Digital Membantu Pengguna Baru Memahami Alur Meja dengan Tampilan Lebih SederhanaAnimasi Dadu Realistis Membuat Sic Bo Digital Terasa Lebih Hidup di LayarBlackjack Tetap Relevan di Era Mobile karena Memadukan Peluang dengan Keputusan PemainFrekuensi Wild Saja Tidak Cukup untuk Menilai Dampak Kombinasi dalam Satu SesiCatatan Sesi Membantu Membaca Pergeseran Kecil tanpa Terburu Menarik Kesimpulan BesarSinkronisasi Tempo Membentuk Irama Visual Dinamis tanpa Menjadi Petunjuk Hasil BerikutnyaMahjong Ways Tetap Menarik lewat Ubin Ikonik Suara Koin dan Cascade CepatPoker Online Menghubungkan Pemain Lintas Negara melalui Strategi Kompetisi dan Interaksi DigitalPerpaduan Suara dan Visual Mengubah Cara Pengguna Merasakan Pengalaman Game DigitalMahjong Ways Terus Dibahas karena Identitas Audio Visualnya Mudah Dikenali PenggunaDetail Visual Starlight Princess Kembali Dibicarakan setelah Menarik Perhatian Komunitas DigitalSic Bo Mempertahankan Identitas Tradisional melalui Kemasan Digital yang Lebih InteraktifAlgoritma Adaptif Menyesuaikan Parameter Analisis terhadap Perubahan Data InteraksiDensitas Scatter Hitam Dibandingkan pada Beberapa Kelompok Observasi TemporalDiferensiasi Elemen Mahjong Wins 2 Mengungkap Karakter Distribusi AntarperiodeEvaluasi Probabilistik Membandingkan Kecenderungan Hasil tanpa Menganggap Pola DeterministikFluktuasi Trafik pada Kasino Online Dibandingkan melalui Interval PengamatanNoise Statistik Dikenali agar Perubahan Acak Tidak Keliru Dianggap sebagai Sinyal PersistenStasioneritas Temporal Diperiksa untuk Mengetahui Apakah Karakter Data Bertahan AntarperiodeUji Signifikansi Membantu Menentukan Apakah Perbedaan Teramati Layak Dianggap Bermakna StatistisVariansi Mahjong Wins 3 Mengukur Perbedaan Sebaran Hasil pada Kelompok EksperimentalWinsorisasi Sampel Membatasi Dampak Nilai Ekstrem tanpa Menghapus Catatan secara KeseluruhanKorelasi Variabel Mahjong Wins 3 Diuji tanpa Menganggap Hubungan KausalKromatisitas Grafis Sweet Bonanza 1000 Memperjelas Karakter Elemen VisualKuantil Distribusi Mahjong Ways 2 Membandingkan Posisi Nilai RelatifPragmatic Play Membandingkan Estimasi dari Beberapa Kelompok ObservasiSimpangan Hasil Mahjong Wins 2 Diukur pada Sejumlah Rangkaian ObservasiKonvergensi Perhitungan PG Soft Dinilai melalui Jumlah Observasi BertahapMahjong Wins 2 Memetakan Persentil sebagai Posisi Relatif DistribusiSegmentasi Waktu Mahjong Ways Kasino Online Mengelompokkan Aktivitas BerurutanSweet Bonanza 1000 Menampilkan Diferensiasi Warna dalam Struktur VisualTopologi Visual Gates of Olympus Mengatur Posisi Elemen secara TerstrukturAsimetri Tumble Kasino Online Diidentifikasi melalui Sejumlah Rangkaian ObservasiDimensionalitas Grafis Gates of Olympus Terlihat melalui Susunan ObjekGates of Olympus Menyelaraskan Proporsi Objek melalui Komposisi TerukurKasino Online Membandingkan Fluktuasi berdasarkan Interval Aktivitas TemporalKonvergensi Estimasi Terlihat ketika Nilai Bergerak Menuju Kondisi StabilMatriks Posisi Membantu Mahjong Ways 2 Memetakan Hubungan ElemenProbabilitas Kondisional Menjelaskan Hubungan Kejadian berdasarkan Informasi SebelumnyaRasio Frekuensi Scatter Hitam Menggambarkan Proporsi dalam Sampel BerbedaSegmentasi Warna Sweet Bonanza 1000 Membangun Komposisi Visual CeriaStandardisasi Skala PG Soft Mempermudah Perbandingan Variabel PengamatanAutokorelasi Observasi Menilai Keterkaitan Nilai pada Interval BerurutanDurasi Interaksi Live Casino Dibandingkan pada Beberapa Interval PengamatanKerangka Evaluasi Pragmatic Play Menentukan Parameter Pengukuran UtamaLive Casino Mengamati Latensi Komunikasi melalui Variasi Beban SistemMedian Distribusi Mahjong Wins 2 Dibandingkan Antar Kelompok PengamatanDurasi Kejadian Mahjong Ways Kasino Online Dibandingkan melalui Penanda TemporalKeseimbangan Spasial Gates of Olympus Membentuk Komposisi Visual ProporsionalMahjong Ways 2 Mengukur Amplitudo Perubahan pada Rangkaian ObservasiNormalisasi Skala Menyederhanakan Perbandingan Variabel dengan Rentang BerbedaPlayer vs Banker Dianalisis Menggunakan Frekuensi pada Sampel BertahapPerbedaan Durasi Ronde Antar Permainan Meja dan Pengaruhnya pada Jumlah KeputusanBagian Roda Roulette yang Menentukan Titik Berhenti Bola Menurut Prinsip Fisika DasarHal yang Perlu Diperiksa pada Halaman Aturan Sebuah Meja Sebelum Ikut BermainAlasan Perubahan Kecil pada Data Sering Ditafsirkan Berlebihan oleh PengamatnyaBadak Afrika dan Satwa Sabana dalam Ilustrasi Digital serta Ketepatan PenggambarannyaMahjong Ways 2 dan Efek Cascade Berantai yang Membuat Setiap Rangkaian Terasa Lebih DinamisGrafis 3D Membuat Dunia Game Terasa Lebih Dekat lewat Gerakan dan Detail VisualReel Dinamis Mengubah Pergantian Simbol menjadi Pengalaman Interaktif yang Lebih VariatifMahjong Ways dan Ways 3 Dibaca lewat Statistik di Balik Pergerakan UbinMatematika Terapan Menjelaskan Dinamika Permainan tanpa Mengubah Probabilitas menjadi Janji Kemenangan
Berapa Banyak Aturan yang Harus Dihafal Sebelum Bermain di Meja Kartu KlasikPenyesuaian Antarmuka Meja Kartu agar Nyaman Digunakan pada Layar VertikalUnsur Perhitungan Peluang dan Pembacaan Lawan dalam Permainan Kartu StrategiBentuk Perkumpulan Pemain Kartu Daring dan Cara Anggotanya Bertukar PengetahuanPerbedaan Aturan Kapan Pemain Boleh Menambah Kartu di Beberapa Varian BlackjackRTP dan RNG: Mengapa Nilai Jangka Panjang Berbeda dari Hasil Setiap PutaranMeja Ramai dan Sesi Tenang Memberikan Dampak Berbeda terhadap Fokus PenggunaWild Beruntun Mengubah Susunan Simbol dan Membentuk Rangkaian Visual yang Lebih DinamisMahjong Ways 2 dan Mekanisme Berlapis yang Membentuk Nilai pada Setiap RangkaianWild dan Scatter Membuat Putaran Cepat Terlihat Lebih Padat dan Sulit DiprediksiPlatform Mobile Membuka Akses Lebih Luas ke Berbagai Bentuk Hiburan Game DigitalCascade Mahjong Ways Membuat Pergantian Simbol Terasa Lebih Aktif dalam Setiap RangkaianSiaran Langsung Digital Semakin Diminati karena Interaksi Terasa Dekat dan ResponsifSpin Manual dan Turbo Menawarkan Ritme Berbeda tanpa Mengubah Prinsip Hasil PermainanMahjong Ways Menjembatani Unsur Tradisional dengan Gaya Digital yang Tetap Dikenali KomunitasKoneksi Stabil Menjadi Fondasi agar Tayangan Digital Tetap Mulus sepanjang SesiMahjong Ways dan Mahjong Ways 2 Punya Perbedaan Jelas pada Tampilan serta MekanismeStudio Siaran Modern Mengandalkan Cahaya Audio dan Visual untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas TayanganAntarmuka Ringkas Membantu Pengguna Mengikuti Sesi Langsung tanpa Menu yang MembingungkanSiaran Minim Jeda Membuat Interaksi Dua Arah Terasa Lebih Cepat dan NaturalBlackjack Tetap Relevan di Era Mobile karena Memadukan Peluang dengan Keputusan PemainFrekuensi Wild Saja Tidak Cukup untuk Menilai Dampak Kombinasi dalam Satu SesiCatatan Sesi Membantu Membaca Pergeseran Kecil tanpa Terburu Menarik Kesimpulan BesarSinkronisasi Tempo Membentuk Irama Visual Dinamis tanpa Menjadi Petunjuk Hasil BerikutnyaMahjong Ways Tetap Menarik lewat Ubin Ikonik Suara Koin dan Cascade CepatKorelasi Variabel Mahjong Wins 3 Diuji tanpa Menganggap Hubungan KausalKromatisitas Grafis Sweet Bonanza 1000 Memperjelas Karakter Elemen VisualKuantil Distribusi Mahjong Ways 2 Membandingkan Posisi Nilai RelatifPragmatic Play Membandingkan Estimasi dari Beberapa Kelompok ObservasiSimpangan Hasil Mahjong Wins 2 Diukur pada Sejumlah Rangkaian ObservasiAutokorelasi Observasi Menilai Keterkaitan Nilai pada Interval BerurutanDurasi Interaksi Live Casino Dibandingkan pada Beberapa Interval PengamatanKerangka Evaluasi Pragmatic Play Menentukan Parameter Pengukuran UtamaLive Casino Mengamati Latensi Komunikasi melalui Variasi Beban SistemMedian Distribusi Mahjong Wins 2 Dibandingkan Antar Kelompok Pengamatan
UNIAS dalam Transformasi Teknologi yang Membawa Perubahan pada Sistem dan Interaksi PenggunaMemahami Variasi Hasil pada Mahjong Ways melalui Perspektif Probabilitas dan Sistem AcakMengapa UNIAS Perlu Memahami Perubahan Perilaku Pengguna di Era Sistem Digital yang TerhubungPerbedaan Informasi yang Terlihat di Layar dan Proses Perhitungan yang Berlangsung di SistemUniversitas Nias dan Perubahan Pola Interaksi Mahasiswa di Tengah Perkembangan Platform DigitalBagaimana Sistem Pembayaran Membentuk Struktur Kombinasi dalam Permainan Reel DigitalNias Mulai Menarik Perhatian dalam Perkembangan Infrastruktur dan Konektivitas DigitalGranularitas Data Menentukan Seberapa Detail Perubahan Aktivitas Dapat Diamati dari Waktu ke WaktuMahjong Ways dan Evolusi Pengalaman Pengguna dari Tampilan Statis Menuju Interaksi yang Lebih DinamisMahjong Ways dan Peran Desain Antarmuka dalam Membentuk Pengalaman Bermain di Era MobileBagaimana Universitas Nias Menghadapi Perubahan Teknologi yang Membentuk Pengalaman MahasiswaUNIAS dan Perkembangan Platform Akademik yang Mengubah Cara Mahasiswa Berinteraksi dengan DataFitur Tumble dalam Permainan Digital Mengubah Cara Pengguna Melihat Rangkaian Simbol pada LayarUNIAS Mengikuti Perubahan Sistem Informasi yang Membentuk Pola Baru di Lingkungan AkademikPerubahan Ukuran Layar Memengaruhi Cara Antarmuka Permainan Digital Menampilkan InformasiUNIAS dalam Dinamika Teknologi yang Mengubah Cara Informasi Akademik DiaksesMengapa Perubahan Ritme Putaran Dapat Memengaruhi Persepsi Pengguna dalam Permainan DigitalInfrastruktur Digital yang Responsif Menjadi Bagian Penting dalam Pengalaman Permainan Berbasis Real TimeNias dan Perubahan Cara Informasi Bergerak di Tengah Pertumbuhan Teknologi MobileNias dan Peran Teknologi dalam Membentuk Cara Baru Masyarakat Mengakses InformasiBagaimana UNIAS Menyesuaikan Sistem Akademik dengan Perubahan Kebutuhan Pengguna DigitalNias Mengamati Perubahan Kebiasaan Pengguna di Tengah Pertumbuhan Platform Informasi DigitalNias Mulai Memasuki Babak Baru dalam Pemanfaatan Teknologi dan Infrastruktur DigitalVolatilitas Menjadi Salah Satu Faktor yang Membantu Menjelaskan Variasi Hasil dalam Sesi PermainanMengapa Pola Visual yang Berulang Dapat Membentuk Persepsi Tertentu terhadap Hasil PermainanPerbedaan RTP, Volatilitas, dan Frekuensi Kemenangan Dilihat dari Cara Kerja Permainan DigitalUniversitas Nias Menghadirkan Pendekatan Baru dalam Memahami Transformasi Sistem PendidikanTeknologi Random Number Generator Menjadi Fondasi Penting dalam Sistem Hasil Permainan ModernUniversitas Nias dalam Perubahan Era Digital yang Membawa Tantangan Baru bagi Sistem PendidikanNias dalam Perspektif Perubahan Digital yang Memengaruhi Cara Pengguna Menemukan Informasi