Kristiana, I. F., Simanjuntak, E., Sumintono, B., Prihatsanti, U., & Shofiefany, C. N. (2026). Cultivating distance learning: Developing and validating online teacher engagement scale using Rasch model. Jurnal Psikologi, 25(2), 176-193. https://doi.org/10.14710/jp.25.2.176-193
Abstract
Background: Teacher engagement plays a crucial role in determining the success of online learning, particularly as digital education becomes increasingly prevalent. However, instruments to accurately assess teachers’ engagement in online learning contexts remain limited.
Purpose: This study aimed to develop and validate a measurement scale to assess teacher engagement in online learning.
Method: The study involved 411 teachers from elementary to middle schools across various regions in Indonesia. The initial version of the Online Teacher Engagement Scale (OTES) consisted of 40 items measured using a five-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed using the Rasch model.
Findings: The analysis demonstrated that the OTES possessed strong psychometric properties, with a person reliability index of .89 and an item reliability index of .99. The 32 items were valid after passed some item tests criteria in the Rasch analysis. The explained raw variance of 38% suggested that the OTES measured the intended construct adequately, although five items displayed gender-based DIF, leading to their exclusion.
Implication: OTES has broad potential as an evaluation instrument for schools, universities, and teacher training institutions in monitoring the level of teacher involvement during online learning.
