The 4th Annual Conference 2025
Opening Remarks from the Rector
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Assalamu’alaikum,
It is a great privilege for me to speak at the fourth annual conference of the Faculty of Education in my capacity as the Rector of UIII. Our university is deeply committed to delivering a holistic education that integrates knowledge with values, ethical principles, and a strong sense of social responsibility.
This year’s conference theme, “Assessment and Equity in Education,” highlights the critical role of fair and effective assessment practices and shines a light on the unique educational challenges faced by Muslim communities in the pursuit of equity. I would like to thank international speakers: Dr. Joanna Tai (Deakin University) and Prof. Yan Zi (The Education University of Hong Kong) for your willingness to share your expertise with all the participants of this conference.
I would like to sincerely thank the Dean, program heads, faculty members, and students for their dedication and hard work in making this event a success. Your contributions play a vital role in shaping our students and nurturing a vibrant academic environment.
As institutions of higher learning, our responsibilities reach far beyond the classroom. We must actively engage with society, build meaningful partnerships, and apply our academic strengths to help solve real-world issues and support national progress.
As we begin this important conference, let us stay focused on our shared mission—to build an educational landscape that empowers future leaders, encourages critical and creative thinking, and upholds the values of cooperation and civic responsibility.
Congratulations to all the participants, organizers, and supporters whose efforts have brought this conference to life. May this gathering be a fruitful space for dialogue, learning, and mutual inspiration as we work together toward a better future for both our university and society at large.
On behalf of UIII, I warmly welcome you to our new and beautiful campus. Please help us spread the word that UIII is a place for all—open, inclusive, and respectful of every background. Together, let’s create a learning environment where diversity thrives and understanding grows.
Thank you.
Wassalamu’alaikum.
Prof. Dr. Jamhari
Rector of UIII
Welcoming Speech from the Dean
Bismillahirrahmaanirrahim
Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh.
Welcome to the 4th Faculty of Education Annual Conference 2025. Faculty of Education like other faculties in UIII has started to operate beginning in 2021. We offer MA and PhD Study Programs which have four concentrations: (1) Education and Society; (2) Education Policy, Management, and Leadership; (3) Curriculum, Teaching and Learning, and (4) Educational Assessment and Evaluation. We are currently preparing to open undergraduate (S1) and postgraduate (S2) study programs in Psychology.
Our annual conference uses the four concentrations in our faculty as the themes of our conference. The first annual conference in 2022 was under the theme of Education and Society concentration; the second annual conference in 2023 was under the theme of Education Policy, Management, and Leadership; the third annual conference in 2024 was under the theme of Curriculum, Teaching and Learning. This year, 2025 annual conference is under the Educational Assessment and Evaluation theme. Next year, we may repeat the same cycle of the four concentrations’ theme: Education and Society, which will be organized in May 2026, insha’ Allah.
Our aims of having the annual conference are: (1) to provide a forum where senior and junior scholars can share their latest results of their research; (2) to facilitate networking to allow presenters to know each other better which may lead to future research and publication collaboration; (3) to promote our new campus to a larger audience in order to attract more applicants in our faculty. At least I remember the case of Luqyana, who participated in our second annual conference in 2023 as an MA student at UIN Yogyakarta. The following year, in 2024, she applied for PhD program and now she is currently being one of our PhD students; (4) to attract publication in our journal, Muslim Education Review/MER, which, after three years of regular publication every six months, has been accredited as Sinta 3, while we are also trying to make this journal to be indexed by Scopus. One of the comments from Scopus is that we need to attract writers from various countries. Therefore, I am grateful to A/Prof Joanna Tai, who has written a draft article based on her presentation today to be published at MER.
In addition, we will use this conference (5) to implement one of the key performance indicators of having an international culture and art festival. Our students will perform this at the end of this conference opening ceremony; and last but not least is: (6) to announce the best lecturer in terms of teaching service, the winners of the writing competition, and the best paper submitted to the conference, which we will do this in this late afternoon before our dinner.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh.
Prof. Nina Nurmila, PhD
Dean of the Faculty of Education
Speech from the Organizing Committee
Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh.
Peace be upon us all.
Honourable our rector, distinguished keynote speakers, esteemed scholars, presenters, committees and participants of the conference. We cordially welcome all attendees to the 4th Annual Conference Faculty of Education, Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia. It is our pleasure to have you with us here today.
Assessment plays a significant role in measuring students’ learning performance and providing information for educational decisions. On the other hand, equity in education assures that, regardless of students’ background, they can have access to resources and opportunities necessary for success. Therefore, we believe the significance of aligning the assessment practices with the principles of equity to create an inclusive educational environment. This reflection was then underlying the theme for the FoE 4th Annual Conference 2025, namely “Assessment and Equity in Education”.
The preparation of this 4th annual conference began in May 2024 by discussing topics of the conference, deciding timeline of the activities, contacting prospective keynote speakers, designing and disseminating the flyer. We are honoured and excited to finally have 3 distinguish speakers from UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, Indonesia, Deakin University, Australia and The Education University, Hongkong. In addition, we are pleased to welcome all paper presenters who come mostly from Indonesia and some other countries like Malaysia and Australia. After a review process by two external reviewers, we have accepted 54 papers that will be presented during these 2 days conference. These papers will then get an opportunity to be published in the Faculty of Education Journal, Muslim Education Review (MER), after being reviewed and revised based on the reviewers’ feedbacks.
We are sincerely hopeful that our 4th annual conference will serve as an exceptional platform for fostering meaningful dialogue and exchanging innovative ideas. We believe that this event will inspire and engage all those who are dedicated to learning and creating. In anticipation of your enthusiastic involvement and productive discussion, we extend our heartfelt appreciation.
Thank you.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh.
Dr. Destina Wahyu Winarti
Participants
Title
Abstract
Aizzatin, Uswatul Wadhichatis Tsaniyah
Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia, Universitas Negeri Malang, Indonesia
Building Education Quality through Lesson Study Innovation at the Student Level of Universitas Negeri Semarang (Unnes)
Yenik Wahyuningsih, Ulya Amelia
STAI Publisistik Thawalib Jakarta, Indonesia, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Indonesia
Building Equality in Education: A Multi-Case Study of School Implementation for Children in Conflict with the Law at LPKA Blitar
Ajeng Satiti Ayuningtyas Okta Ferdiana
Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, Indonesia
Coping Strategies of a Female Principal in Maintaining Wellbeing for School Effectiveness: A Case Study at PKBM in Pamulang
Khizer Hayat
Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, Indonesia
Role of Head Teachers in Sustaining Academic Continuity amidst Smog in South Punjab
Istifadah, Nilna Maulida
UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, Indonesia, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
Regional Disparities Concerns: Addressing Educational Strains in Madura Island Through an Integrative Literature Review
Suliyana, Insof Waeji
Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, Indonesia
Education as a Catalyst: School-Based Strategies to Prevent Child Marriage in Lombok, Indonesia
Amirah Diniaty, Surya Netti
Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau, Indonesia, State Senior High School 1 West Sumatera, Indonesia
Gender, School Choice and Equity: Delving the Emotional Experiences of Female School Principal in Leading Prestigious Co-Educational Islamic Boarding School in West Sumatra- An Autoethnographic Case Study Approach
Rizal Fikri Firmansah
Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang, Indonesia
AKMI as a Tool for Promoting Educational Equity in Indonesian Madrasah
Saimroh
Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN), Indonesia
Evaluation of the Independent Curriculum’s Implementation: Enhancing Educational Quality through Teacher Competence and Institutional Readiness in Madrasah
Fitri Pangestu Noer Anggrainy
Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Indoenesia
Implementation of Differentiated Instruction in Product Component to Improve EFL Students Reading Comprehension
Dwi Oktariani
Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, Indonesia
Justice Dance Assessment tool: Appreciating and Expressing By Dwi Oktariani
Rifdah Qotrunnada, Arum Etikariena
Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
How School Principal’s Leader Humility Encourages Teachers to Be More Innovative: The Role of Informal Learning and Psychological Safety as Mediators
Debby Zalina, Insof Waeji
Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, Indonesia
Transcending Walls: An Exploration of Opportunities and Challenges in Indonesia’s International Branch Campuses
Day 1 Event Rundown
May 7, 2025
| Time | Venue | Activities |
| 08.30-09.00 | Theater, Faculty A UIII |
Registration
Screening Faculty of Education Profile Video PIC: Nina Amelia & Nurul Izah |
| 09.00-09.50 | MC: Uswatun Hasanah & M. Sabar Prihatin
Opening Ceremony:
PIC: Tati Lathipatud Durriyah, PhD; Agus Suprapto & Lakhaula Timekeeper: Imron & Trimadona |
|
| 09.50-11.00 | Keynote Speaker 1:
A/Prof. Joanna Tai – Deakin University “International and intercultural perspectives on designing assessment for inclusion: adapting to local contexts” Moderator: Amalul Umam |
|
| 11.00-12.10 | Keynote Speaker 2:
Bahrul Hayat, Ph.D – Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta & Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia “Multidimensional Equity of Educational Assessment” Moderator: Furqanul Hakim |
|
| 12.10-13.30 | Lunch & Prayer Break | ||
|
13.30-15.00
13.30-15.00
13.30-15.00 |
Lecture Hall, Faculty A UIII (2nd Floor) |
Panel Presentation-1A
Theme: Curriculum, Teaching, and Learning PIC: Tati Lathipatud Durriyah, PhD Moderator: Nanik Yuliyanti Usher & Timekeeper: Zahra Hasana & Zainab Nasiri 1. Aizzatin, Uswatul Wadhichatis Tsaniyah Universitas Negeri Semarang “Building Education Quality through Lesson Study Innovation at the Student Level of Universitas Negeri Semarang (Unnes)” |
| 2. Yenik Wahyuningsih, Ulya Amelia
STAI Publisistik Thawalib Jakarta “Building Equality in Education: A Multi-Case Study of School Implementation for Children in Conflict with the Law at LPKA Blitar” |
||
| 3. Ajeng Satiti Ayuningtyas Okta Ferdiana
Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia Depok “Coping Strategies of a Female Principal in Maintaining Wellbeing for School Effectiveness: A Case Study at PKBM in Pamulang” |
||
| Teleconference, Faculty A UIII (2nd Floor) |
Panel Presentation-1B
Theme: Educational Leadership and Policy PIC: Dr. Lukman Nul Hakim Moderator: Amalul Umam Usher & Timekeeper: Trimadona & Basira Mujadidi 1. Khizer Hayat Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia Depok “Role of Head Teachers in Sustaining Academic Continuity amidst Smog in South Punjab” |
|
| 2. Istifadah, Nilna Maulida
UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang “Regional Disparities Concerns: Addressing Educational Strains in Madura Island Through an Integrative Literature Review” |
||
|
Classroom 16, Faculty A UIII |
Panel Presentation-1C
Theme: Education and Society PIC: Andar Nubowo, PhD Moderator: Luqyana Azmiya Usher & Timekeeper: Aw Fini & Shehu-Tijani Aminu 1. Suliyana, Insof Waeji Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia Depok “Education as a Catalyst: School-Based Strategies to Prevent Child Marriage in Lombok, Indonesia” |
|
| 2. Amirah Diniaty, Surya Netti
Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau “Gender, School Choice and Equity: Delving the Emotional Experiences of Female School Principal in Leading Prestigious Co-Educational Islamic Boarding School in West Sumatra- An Autoethnographic Case Study Approach” |
||
| 3. Rizal Fikri Firmansah
Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang “AKMI as a Tool for Promoting Educational Equity in Indonesian Madrasah” |
||
|
Classroom 15, Faculty A UIII (2nd Floor) |
Panel Presentation-1D
Theme: Educational Assessment PIC: Bambang Sumintono, PhD Moderator: Deny Gunawan Usher & Timekeeper: Yulia Fernandita & Elizabeth Morandi 1. Saimroh Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN) “Evaluation of the Independent Curriculum’s Implementation: Enhancing Educational Quality through Teacher Competence and Institutional Readiness in Madrasah” |
|
| 2. Fitri Pangestu Noer Anggrainy
Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta “Implementation of Differentiated Instruction in Product Component to Improve EFL Students Reading Comprehension” |
||
| 3. Dwi Oktariani
Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia Depok “Justice Dance Assessment tool: Appreciating and Expressing” |
||
| 15.00-15.45 | Ashar prayer | ||
| 15.45-18.00 |
BI Corner, |
|
Day 2 Event Rundown
May 8, 2025
| Time | Venue | Activities |
| 08.30-09.00 | Theater, Faculty A UIII |
Registration
PIC: Charyna Ayu Rizkyanti, PhD, Nina Amelia & Nurul Izzah |
| 09.00-10.30
|
MC: Aw Fini & Saidou Jallow
Keynote Speaker 3: Prof. Yan Zi, PhD – The Education University of Hong Kong “Assessment Research into Enhancing Learning and Teaching: Synergising Assessment-for-learning and Assessment-as-learning” Moderator: Faradillah Haryani
PIC: Jihan Ariqatur |
|
| 10.30-10.40 | Break (Transition to Rooms) | ||
| 10:40-11:40
|
Classroom 13, Faculty A UIII (2nd Floor) |
Panel Presentation-2A
Theme: Educational Leadership and Policy PIC: Dr. Lukman Nul Hakim Moderator: Nofi Maria Krisnawati Usher & Timekeeper: Erisa Oksanda & Ukhtul Iffah 1. Rifdah Qotrunnada, Arum Etikariena Universitas Indonesia “How School Principal’s Leader Humility Encourages Teachers to Be More Innovative: The Role of Informal Learning and Psychological Safety as Mediators” |
| 2. Debby Zalina, Insof Waeji
Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia Depok “Transcending Walls: An Exploration of Opportunities and Challenges in Indonesia’s International Branch Campuses” |
||
|
10.40-11.40
10.40-11.40 |
Teleconference,
Teleconference, |
Panel Presentation- 2B
Theme: Educational and Society PIC: Andar Nubowo, PhD Moderator: Muhammat Sabar Usher & Timekeeper: Momodou S. Jallow & Khansa Asiah 1. Bello Ridwan Alaba, Sheu-Tijani Aminu Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia Depok “Access to Higher Education in Nigeria: Exploring the Challenges Faced and Pathways Used by six (6) Female Students to Challenge Inequity” |
| 2. Rinduan Zain
Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta “Decolonizing the Sociology of Islamic Education in Indonesia: Reclaiming Epistemological Sovereignty Amid Global and Local Challenges” |
||
| 10.40-11.40 | Classroom 15, Faculty A UIII (2nd Floor) |
Panel Presentation- 2C
Theme: Educational Assessment PIC: Bambang Sumintono, PhD Moderator: Dwi Oktariani Usher & Timekeeper: Fitria Rembulan & Basira Mujadidi 1. Evi Nur Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia “Students’ Computational Thinking Ability Reviewed from David Keirsey’s Personality Type” |
| 2. Fitri Amalia
Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia Depok “An Evaluation of Self-assessment Practice Scale (SaPS) Using Rasch Model Analysis” |
||
| 11.40-13.00 | Lunch & Prayer Break | ||
| 13.00-15.00
|
Lecture Hall, Faculty A UIII (2nd Floor) |
Panel Presentation-3A
Theme: Education and Society PIC: Tati Lathipatud Durriyah, PhD Moderator: Munaya Nikma Usher & Timekeeper: Alya Chairunnisa & Mukhammad Imron 1. Beryl Raditya Fawwaz Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta “Investigation of the Role of Child Labor Participation in the Risk of Primary School Dropout in Indonesia” |
| 2. Ajeng Satiti Ayuningdyas Okta Ferdiana
Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia Depok “Praxis of Wasatiyyat Islam: Exploring Piety and Environmental Ethics in Sustainable Modest Fashion” |
||
| 3. Santi Dianah
Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia Depok “A Comparative Study of the Thought of S.M.N Al-Attas and Paulo Freire on Liberation Education and Its Relevance to Palestinian Independence Struggle” |
||
| 4. Fadiah Mukhsen
Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia Depok “The Development of Religious Education Courses for Minority Indigenous Faith Students in Indonesia: A Historical Perspective” |
||
| 13.00-15.00
13.00-15.00 |
Teleconference, Faculty A UIII (2nd Floor)Teleconference, Faculty A UIII (2nd Floor) |
Panel Presentation- 3B
Theme: Educational and Society PIC: Charyna Ayu Rizkyanti, PhD Moderator: R Nadia Hanoum Usher & Timekeeper: Jihan Ariqatur & Zainab Nasiri 1. Saira Mustafa Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia Depok “Traditional Islamic Education, Modern Western Schooling and the Urban Muslim Identity: Navigating the Past and the Present” |
| 2. Bello Ridwan Alaba, Debby Zalina, Sairah Millor Mangulamas
Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia Depok “The High Rate of Out-of-School Students with Disabilities In Indonesia” |
||
| 3. Fadlilah Novia Rahmah, Debby Zalina
Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia Depok “Educational Inequity: The Plight of Islamic Religious Teachers in Modern Contexts” |
||
| 4. Adison Adrianus Sihombing, Maifalinda Fatra
Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN) “John Dewey’s Experience-Based Learning in Ethnomathematics: Bridging Abstract Concepts and Cultural Realities” |
||
| 13.00-15.00 | Classroom 15, Faculty A UIII (2nd Floor) |
Panel Presentation- 3C
Theme: Education and Society PIC: Andar Nubowo, PhD Moderator: Agustian Ramadana Usher & Timekeeper: Yulia Fernandita & Zahra Salsabila 1. Khizer Hayat Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia Depok “Enhancing Quran and Hadith Studies for Women through AI-Driven Social Media Courses: A Case Study of Al-Huda International Welfare Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan” |
| 2. Nina Amelia Nurul Khikmah, Nurul Izzah Febilia
Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia Depok “Gender Equality Policies in Access to Higher Education in Indonesia: An Analysis of Existing Governmental Policies” |
||
| 3. Luqyana Azmiya Putri
Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia Depok “The Positive Externalities of Volunteer Based-Community Education: A Case Study of Lentera Muda Kerinci” |
||
| 4. Aan Arizandy
Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung “Inseminating Students’ Ecological Consciousness and Inclusive (Religious) Understanding through Documentary Films: Critical Digital Pedagogy Approach” |
||
|
13.00-15.00 |
Classroom 16, Faculty A UIII (2nd Floor) |
Panel Presentation- 3D
Theme: Educational Assessment PIC: Bambang Sumintono, PhD Moderator: Meli Aulia Utami Usher & Timekeeper: Aw Fini & Samson 1. Muh Khairul Wajedi Imami. Uslan Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Universitas Muhammadiyah Kupang “Validating The Structure of Brief Regulation of Motivation Scale Among Islamic University Students in Indonesia.” |
| 2. Queen Salsabila, Nabila Nindya Alifia Putri
Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia Depok “Rasch Measurement and Different Item Function (DIF) Analysis of the PERMA Well-Being Instrument for Secondary Students in Indonesia” |
||
| 3. Andre Genta Senjaya
Universtas Tarumanagara “Validation of TMGS in the Context of Suicide Ideation on Emerging Adulthood in Indonesia” |
||
| 4. Eka Yusmaita
Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia Depok “Unveiling Research Potentials on Chemical Literacy Assessment: A Systematic Review Using PRISMA Guidelines” |
||
| 15.00-15.10 | Break (Transition to Rooms) | ||
| 15.10-16.10 | Classroom 16, Faculty A UIII(2nd Floor) |
Panel Presentation-4A
Theme: Educational Technology PIC: Prof. Suwarsih Madya, PhD Moderator: Nanik Yuliyanti Usher & Timekeeper: Ihsan-Isah & Saidou Jallow 1. Sumarni, Abdul Manaf Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional “Digital Creativity in the Educational Landscape: A Quantitative Analysis on Students in Different School Environments” |
| 2. Muhammad Maulana, Fitri Amalia, Nabila Nindya Alifia Putri, Nafisah
Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia Depok “Digital Learning for Religious Moderation: Assessing the Impact of MOOCs on Understanding Wasathiyah Islam” |
||
| 15.10-16.10
|
Classroom 15, Faculty A UIII (2nd Floor) |
Panel Presentation-4B
Theme: Educational Technology PIC: Dr. Lukman Nul Hakim Moderator: Novinta Nurulsari Usher & Timekeeper: Hani & Alda Nurul 1. Muhamad Maulana, Nur Hermawati Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia Depok, SMKF YPIB Bunga Bangsa Cirebon, Indonesia “Evaluating 21st Century Skills in Islamic Higher Education: A Critical Examination of Lecturers’ Perceptions and Challenges” |
| 2. Eddy Yusuf
Universitas Ciputra “Preparing AI Super Users Through Generative AI Integration in Education” |
||
| 15:10-16:10 | Theater, Faculty A UIII |
Panel Presentation-4C
Theme: Educational Technology PIC: Bambang Sumintono, PhD Moderator: Abdou Barrow Usher & Timekeeper: Ukhtul Iffah & M. Dawood Alkozay 1. Mohammad Sofi Anwar SMP Ar-Risalah Kediri “The Use of the YouTube Channel “Learn with Zakaria” in Arabic Language Instruction on Colors for Junior High School” |
| 2. Uswatun Hasanah
Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia Depok “From Learning to Earning: Investigating the Role of Social Media in Education and Employment for English Education Graduates of Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Banten” |
||
| 16.10-16.20 | Theater, Faculty A UIII |
Closing by Conference PIC, Dr. Destina Wahyu Winarti |
Women’s Education in Islamic World: A Bibliometric Review of Scholarly Discourse on Afghan Context between 1980 to 2024
Samadi, H., Rahimi, M., Moosa, V. (2025) Women’s Education in Islamic World: A Bibliometric Review of Scholarly Discourse on Afghan Context between 1980 to 2024. (2025). International Journal of Emerging Perspectives in Education, 1(2), 39-58. https://doi.org/10.64306/7qby0989
Abstract
This study explores the current state of knowledge on women's education in the Islamic world, with a particular focus on Afghanistan. Using a bibliometric and science mapping approach, the researchers analyzed 708 publications from the SCOPUS database to assess trends, key contributors, and the intellectual structure of research in this field. Data analysis was conducted using Excel and R software. Findings reveal that academic interest in Afghan women’s education only began to rise significantly after 2001. Notable contributors include Sayeed Naqibullah Orfan and Terence M. Kean, whose work often centers on mental health, gender inequality, and leadership. Leading institutions in this field are based in the U.S., particularly Boston and California universities, while Afghan universities like Kandahar and Takhar are emerging players. The U.S., UK, Australia, and Germany have the most citations, primarily focusing on PTSD and mental health issues rather than educational challenges specific to Afghan women. The body of literature is fragmented, with underexplored themes such as patriarchy and gender-based violence. Additionally, the research lacks presence in high-impact journals and excludes non-Scopus literature. The study highlights the need for more nuanced, locally informed research that considers political, cultural, and economic barriers to women’s education in Afghanistan, urging stronger international collaboration.
